基于人际和组织生态子系统的青少年校内课外身体活动影响因素研究
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摘 要:为促进青少年参与形式多样、可自由支配的校内课外身体活动,在前期研究结果基础上,从社会支持和学校环境、政策2个反映社会生态模型人际、组织生态子系统的因素入手,就其对青少年参与校内课外身体活动的影响进行分析。使用经修订、检验的问卷,随机抽取800名七至九年级初中生为研究对象进行问卷调查的结果发现:1)父母社会支持对青少年参与校内课外身体活动的影响非常显著大于兄弟姐妹、亲戚(F=37.55,P<0.01);父母社会支持的性别差异不显著(t=-0.78,P>0.05),但年级差异非常显著(F=13.08,P<0.01),九年级学生获得的家庭社会支持水平最高;2)教师社会支持的性别差异不显著(t=0.074,P>0.05),但年级差异非常显著(F=11.93,P<0.01);学校环境、政策的影响同上(t=0.95,P>0.05;F=19.63,P<0.01);3)回归分析显示,学校环境、政策(β=0.15,P<0.01)和教师社会支持(β=0.11,P<0.05)能够解释、预测初中生的校内课外身体活动。班主任、体育教师的社会支持和学校环境、政策有决定性影响作用,为后续干预实验探明方向。
关键词:青少年;社会支持;学校环境政策;干预;锻炼
中图分类号:G 804.8 文章编号:1009-783X(2017)03-0259-06 文献标识码:A
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the determinants of adolescents" in-school extracurricular physical activities based on interpersonal and organizational level factors of the social ecological model. Eight hundred middle school students were recruited and completed social support, school environment and policy scales and 3 days physical activity recall according to the pilot study results, the psychometric adequacy of measures were acceptable. The research results showed that 1) Social support from parents for adolescents to participate in in-school extracurricular physical activity were significantly greater than the influence of the brothers and sisters, relatives (F=37.55, P<0.01). The gender difference of parents" social support was not significant (t=-0.78, P>0.05), however, the grades difference were not (F=13.08,P<0.01), the ninth grade students obtained the highest family social support. 2) The gender difference of teachers" social support was not significant (t=-0.074,P>0.05), however, the grades difference were not (F=11.93,P<0.01). The influence of school environment and policy were as above (t=0.95, p 0.05; F=19.63,P<0.01). 3) Regression analysis showed that school environment and policy (β=0.15,P<0.01) and social support from teachers (β=0.11,P<0.05) significantly influenced adolescents" in-school extracurricular physical activity. The social support of teacher in charge, physical education teacher and school environment and policy were determinants of adolescents" in-school extracurricular physical activity, which explored the future intervention study direction.
Keywords: adolescents; social support; school policy and environment; intervention; exercise
世界衛生组织明确指出,身体活动①不足是一个主要的公共卫生问题[1];大量流行病学研究结果已证实,规律性身体活动能有效降低患心血管疾病、抑郁、肥胖等慢性疾病发生的风险[2],但研究显示仍有超过80%的青少年身体活动水平不足[3]。为此,美国疾病控制与预防中心建议,青少年儿童每天至少应进行1 h的身体活动[4]。我国有中小学生约1亿9 600万[5],但2005年全国学生体质与健康调研结果显示,有66%的学生每天锻炼不足1 h,基本不锻炼的学生比例为24%[6];2010 年结果公告发现,每天锻炼1 h的中小学生仅有21.95%,同时视力不良检出率、肥胖率持续上升,并出现低龄化倾向[7]。学校作为促进青少年参与身体活动的重要场所,探究影响青少年参与校内身体活动的决定因素,对后续制定、实施干预,促进青少年健康有积极影响作用;而课外身体活动则因形式多样、青少年可以自由支配而倍受关注。